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There are different views on the theory of “spleen governs time”， which is still a hot spot in the study of Zangxiang （藏象） theory. Based on Zangxiang time-space view， it is found that the thinking mode of the spleen governing time theory follows space-time logic. It is believed that the different time views of the spleen governing time are all formed based on the space view that the spleen belongs to earth and resides in the center， and the zang time theory is developed with the unified time and space logic. Guided by Zangxiang time-space view， the origin of the spleen belonging to earth and residing in the center is traced， and the theoretical connotation and its clinical application of spleen governing time under different time-space logic are explored with reference to the four season and five zang theory， five season and five zang theory， six season and six zang theory， and eight season and eight zang theory.
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This paper systematically analyzed the understanding of qi from the perspectives of matter， energy， information and relationship reality， introduced the original holistic principle of systematic traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， and considered the latest research results of qi （three-layer material theory）， trying to optimize the structure framework of the qi theoretical system and exhibit the occurrence and development rules of original qi. It emphasizes the hierarchical order of qi transformation following the original holistic principle， and takes this to guide the clinical understanding of “qi diseases”， helping doctors grasp the basic pathogenesis of the disease， that is abnormal qi movement， and helping them establish the awareness of providing systematic TCM treatment to patients by taking qi regulation as the key. At the same time， it discusses people within the structure of time and space， and points out that the treatment of diseases must comply with the principle of “the harmony of heaven， earth， and human beings”.
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Bacillus thuringiensis is widely used as an insecticide which is safe and environmentally friendly to humans and animals. One of the important insecticidal mechanisms is the binding of Bt toxins to specific toxin receptors in insect midgut and forming a toxin perforation which eventually leads to insect death. The resistance of target pests to Bt toxins is an important factor hampering the long-term effective cultivation of Bt crops and the continuous use of Bt toxins. This review summarizes the mechanism of insect resistance to Bt toxins from the perspective of important Bt toxin receptors in midgut cells of Lepidopteran insects, which may facilitate the in-depth study of Bt resistance mechanism and pest control.
Assuntos
Animais , Bacillus thuringiensis/genética , Toxinas de Bacillus thuringiensis , Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Endotoxinas/metabolismo , Proteínas Hemolisinas/metabolismo , Insetos/metabolismo , Resistência a Inseticidas/genética , Inseticidas/farmacologia , Controle Biológico de VetoresRESUMO
Objective To investigate the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and all-cause mortality in hypertensive population.Methods All participants were selected from a prospective cohort study based on a rural population from Henan province,China.Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate the associations of different levels of BMI stratification with all-cause mortality.Restricted cubic spline models were used to detect the doseresponse relation.Results Among the 5 461 hypertensive patients,a total of 31 048.38 person-years follow-up was conducted.The median of follow-up time was 6 years,and 589 deaths occurred during the follow-up period.Compared to normal weight group (18.5 kg/m2＜BMI＜24.0 kg/m2) the multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios for all-cause mortality associated with BMI levels (＜ 18.5 kg/m2,24-28 kg/m2,and ≥28 kg/m2) were 0.83 (95％CI:0.37-1.87),0.81 (95％CI:0.67-0.97),and 0.72 (95％CI:0.56-0.91),respectively.The dose-response analysis showed a nonlinear,reverse "S" shaped relationship (non-linearity P＜0.001).Conclusion Overweight or obese might have a protective effect on all-cause mortality in hypertensive population,which supports the "obesity paradox" phenomenon.
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Objective To study the modification effect of age on the association between body mass index and the risk of hypertension.Methods People age ≥ 18 years old were selected by clusters,from a rural area of Henan province.In total,20 194 people were recruited at baseline during 2007 and 2008,and the follow-up study was completed from 2013 to 2014.Logistic regression model was used to assess the risk of incident hypertension by baseline BMI and age-specific BMI.Results During the 6-year follow-up period,1 950 hypertensive persons were detected,including 784 men and 1 166 women,with cumulative incidence rates as 19.96％,20.51％,and 19.61％,respectively.Compared with those whose BMI＜22 kg/m2,the RRs of hypertension were 1.09 (0.93-1.27),1.17 (1.01-1.37),1.34 (1.14-1.58) and 1.31 (1.09-1.56) for participants with BMI as 22-,24-,26-and ≥28 kg/m2,respectively.In young and middle-aged populations,the risk of hypertension gradually increased with the rise of BMI (trend P＜0.05).However,in the elderly,the increasing trend on the risk of hypertension risk was not as significantly obvious (trend P＞0.05).Conclusion The effect of BMI on the incidence of hypertension seemed to depend on age.Our findings suggested that a weight reduction program would be more effective on young or middle-aged populations,to prevent the development of hypertension.
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Based on the relevant literature, the review summarizes the etiology, pathogenesis and treatment of irritable bowel syndrome in TCM. TCM regaredsthe affected viscerals are large intestine, related to liver, spleen and kidney. The internal medicine, external treatment, and combined therapy are generally applied in clinics.
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Objective To investigate the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and all-cause mortality in hypertensive population.Methods All participants were selected from a prospective cohort study based on a rural population from Henan province,China.Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate the associations of different levels of BMI stratification with all-cause mortality.Restricted cubic spline models were used to detect the doseresponse relation.Results Among the 5 461 hypertensive patients,a total of 31 048.38 person-years follow-up was conducted.The median of follow-up time was 6 years,and 589 deaths occurred during the follow-up period.Compared to normal weight group (18.5 kg/m2＜BMI＜24.0 kg/m2) the multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios for all-cause mortality associated with BMI levels (＜ 18.5 kg/m2,24-28 kg/m2,and ≥28 kg/m2) were 0.83 (95％CI:0.37-1.87),0.81 (95％CI:0.67-0.97),and 0.72 (95％CI:0.56-0.91),respectively.The dose-response analysis showed a nonlinear,reverse "S" shaped relationship (non-linearity P＜0.001).Conclusion Overweight or obese might have a protective effect on all-cause mortality in hypertensive population,which supports the "obesity paradox" phenomenon.
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Objective To study the modification effect of age on the association between body mass index and the risk of hypertension.Methods People age ≥ 18 years old were selected by clusters,from a rural area of Henan province.In total,20 194 people were recruited at baseline during 2007 and 2008,and the follow-up study was completed from 2013 to 2014.Logistic regression model was used to assess the risk of incident hypertension by baseline BMI and age-specific BMI.Results During the 6-year follow-up period,1 950 hypertensive persons were detected,including 784 men and 1 166 women,with cumulative incidence rates as 19.96％,20.51％,and 19.61％,respectively.Compared with those whose BMI＜22 kg/m2,the RRs of hypertension were 1.09 (0.93-1.27),1.17 (1.01-1.37),1.34 (1.14-1.58) and 1.31 (1.09-1.56) for participants with BMI as 22-,24-,26-and ≥28 kg/m2,respectively.In young and middle-aged populations,the risk of hypertension gradually increased with the rise of BMI (trend P＜0.05).However,in the elderly,the increasing trend on the risk of hypertension risk was not as significantly obvious (trend P＞0.05).Conclusion The effect of BMI on the incidence of hypertension seemed to depend on age.Our findings suggested that a weight reduction program would be more effective on young or middle-aged populations,to prevent the development of hypertension.
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Objective To explore the effect of miniAd-ATP7B-GFP on the copper metabolism of skin fibroblasts of Wilson′s disease ( WD ) patients under high concentration copper medium.Methods Firstly, mini-adenovirus carrier containing human ATP7B gene was built and the mutations of 8 WD patients were detected.Fibroblasts from primary culture of skin of WD patients and normal human were cultivated 72 h in basic medium and medium with the copper concentration of C1(22.3μmol/L), C2(89.2μmol/L), C3 (156.1 μmol/L), C4 (245.3 μmol/L).Then the concentration of copper and protein was detected and copper/protein ratio was calculated.Secondly, miniAd-GFP ( miniAd-GFP group) and miniAd-ATP7B-GFP ( miniAd-ATP7B-GFP group ) were added into WD patients skin fibroblasts respectively, Wilson non-transfection group and normal group were set up as control, and C4 medium was used to culture the cells of four groups for 72 h and 96 h.Then the concentration of copper and protein was detected and copper/protein ratio was calculated.Results Five kinds of mutations were detected from 8 WD patients.The copper/protein ratio of WD patients and normal human in basic medium and the C1 -C3 groups had no statistically significant difference, but in C4 group (WD (1 871.6 ±209.2) ng/mg, normal group (1 267.2 ±188.3) ng/mg) the difference was statistically significant (t=6.075, P<0.01).C3((816.3 ±113.9) ng/mg) and C4 groups had statistically significant difference compared with the basic medium group ( ( 159.2 ± 38.6) ng/mg;WD:χ2 =31.493, normal group:χ2 =30.708, both P<0.01).The copper/protein ratio of 96 h group was higher than 72 h group.Compared with WD non-transfection (96 h:(2 731.2 ±188.7) ng/mg,72 h:(1 901.7 ±219.5) ng/mg) and normal groups, miniAd-ATP7B-GFP group had statistically significant difference both in 96 h ( ( 2 071.0 ±171.8 ) ng/mg ) and 72 h groups ( ( 1 495.5 ±161.4 ) ng/mg;72 h:F=20.130, 96 h: F=51.496,P<0.01).Conclusion MiniAd-ATP7B-GFP has partial improvement on copper metabolism of skin fibroblasts of WD patients under high concentration copper medium.
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Objective Cervical lymph node enlargement may be attributed to inflammation or tumors .This study was to analyze the pitfalls in fine-needle aspiration cytology ( FNAC) of cervical lymph nodes and the measures for avoiding misdiagnosis of cervical lymph node lesions . Methods We retrospectively analyzed the data about 435 cases of FNAC in comparison with the results of corre-sponding tissue biopsies in cervical lymph nodes . Results Among the 435 cases, 7 showed disagreement between the results of cytolog-ic and histologic diagnoses, which included 5 males and 2 females, at the age of 41 to 71 (58.4 ±8.9) years.Six of the cases presented with local lymph node enlargement and 1 with generalized lymphadenopathy, all with enlarged lymph nodes palpable 1-4 cm in diameter . Based on the results of FNAC, 1 case of malignant lymphoma was misdiagnosed as lowly differentiated adenocarcinoma, 1 case of lympho-ma misdiagnosed as poorly differentiated metastatic carcinoma, 2 cases of lymphoma diagnosed as lymphoproliferation and recommended for biopsy, 1 case suggestive of malignant tumor without further classification, and 2 cases microscopically characterized and recommended for lymph node biopsy.Compared with the results of the biopsy, FNAC achieved a 99.3%coincidence rate of qualitative diagnosis (432/425), with a misdiagnosis rate of 1.6%(7/435). Conclusion FNAC plays a very important role in the initial identification of the nature of lymph node lesions and the type of tumors.Practiced puncture skills and intimate knowledge about the histopathological features, diagnostic criteria, and differential diagnosis of the lymphatic system disorders are essential for improving the diagnostic accuracy of FNAC .
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Objective To explore the effect of Tanshinone IIA on apoptosis and expression of Drp-1 and TRPM7 in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. Methods Rats were pretreated with high or low dose of tanshinone IIA before 2 h-focal cerebral ischemia plus 24 h-reperfusion. Cerebral blood flow in the middle cerebral artery was moni-tored during reperfusion. TTC, TUNEL and western blotting were used to detect the volume of cerebral infarction, apopto-sis and the protein expression of Drp-1 as well as TRPM7, respectively. Results Compared with control group, pretreat-ment with Tanshinone IIA could significantly down-regulate the expression of protein Drp-1 and TRPM7 (P0.05). Conclusions Tanshinone IIA can inhibit ischemia-induced neuronal apoptosis and mitochondrial fission probably through improving cerebral artery blood flow and reducing the overexpression of Drp-1,TRPM7.
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AIM:To investigate the relevance between metallothionein(MT) and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) expression and activity in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). METHODS: Fifty Kunming male mice, weighing 25 g?5 g, were randomly divided into two groups: experiment group (40 mice) and control group (10 mice). CCl4 was used to induce the hepatic fibrosis model in the experiment group. Conditioned medium of HSCs (containing MMP-2) was added at different concentrations of MT, then MMP-2 activity was detected. Liver tissue microarray was used. Collagen fibers was detected by Sirius red staining. The expressions of MMP-2 and MT proteins in liver tissues were detected by immunohistochemistry staining. Gel zymography was used to confirm the activity of MMP-2 in liver tissue homogenate and in the conditioned medium. RESULTS: The expressions of both MMP-2 and MT proteins in liver tissues increased fluctuating with the process of fibrogenesis in the model mice alternately, but the proteins showed out of phase changes. The activity of MMP-2 in the liver tissues also increased gradually and fluctuated with the development of fibrosis. Apart from individual time points, the activity of MMP-2 and MT expression were negatively correlated. The activity of MMP-2 in the conditioned medium treated by MT declined in a dose-dependent manner (r=-0.9990, P